WILL SOX PREVENT ANOTHER ENRON Essay Example For Students

WILL SOX PREVENT ANOTHER ENRON Essay This paper looks at the Sarbanes Oxley Act and how will it halt another corporation from neglecting. In the thick of the failures such as Enron, WorldCom, and HIH merely to call a few, there has been a batch of talk and figure indicating on what went incorrect? Is the Sarbanes Oxley Act the solution to these of all time raising jobs? This paper provides an overview of the SOX, which has been the most far-reaching set of legislative regulations enforced since the SEC Act in the USA. The SOX has had its just trade of benefit and jobs. This paper merely examines the issue of the can SOX forestall or understate corporate failures. I will briefly touch on the demands and the cost and benefit of the SOX. We will write a custom essay on WILL SOX PREVENT ANOTHER ENRON specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The scrutinizing profession including the criterion compositors and the legislators has had a wakeup call after the prostrations of some of the most noteworthy corporate failures such as Enron and WorldCom in the US, and HIH Insurance in Australia merely to call a few. In instance of the local economic system, the government-owned National Bank of Fiji ( NBF ) about collapsed in the mid-1990s, which was mostly due to hapless supervising and hapless corporate administration but besides due undetected fraud. The list continues but what comes to mind is who is to be blamed for these failures. Is it the Auditing and Accounting Profession, the authorities, the Stock Markets, the Investors, the Management or we the general populace? Outline1 Introduction2 Background on Enron and World Com3 What went incorrect?4 What was the Reaction?5 Sarbanes-Oxley contains 11 rubrics that describe specific authorizations and demands for fiscal coverage. Each rubric consists of several subdivisions, summarized below.{ Note the undermentioned subdivision has been adopted from Wikipedia, the he free encyclopaedia }6 Will SOX avoid another Enron or WorldCom?7 Decision Introduction The recent economic milieus in which concerns operate have changed significantly in the past decennary. These alterations have been caused partially by promotions in information and production engineerings, globalisation of production, selling and non burying the corporate failures that have plagued these economic systems. A new economic system now exists that is service oriented and information driven. The audit houses have a longstanding tradition of continuously introducing the audit attack so that efficient and effectual audits are possible in an ever-changing concern environment. In the late 1990s the fiscal hazard analysis was modified to give greater consideration to new methods of scrutinizing such as the strategic or concern hazards confronting the client s organisation. The call was even strengthen and extremely recommended after the recent corporate dirts and audit failures which have diminished assurance in fiscal statements, increasing the cost of capital and stamp downing stock monetary values. This has besides raised concerns over the independency and the cogency of these fiscal studies including its relevancy and dependability. Agency theory indicates that auditees are sensitive to perceptual experiences of hearer independency and therefore are motivated to avoid struggle of involvement or prejudice. One manner they achieve this is through pull offing degrees of economic bonding between the hearer and themselves through commanding purchases of non-audit services from their hearer The degree of struggle of involvement that exists at that place in the truly universe is far more than regulators have suspected. A really cardinal feature of an audit or confidence service supplier is for the hearer to add credibleness to fiscal study or other capable affair and needs to stay independent, run intoing the cardinal ethical demands. The trial for independency is sensible individual trial would a sensible individual holding entree to all facts consider that the hearer was independent? The accent here is on both the perceived independency how others will see the hearer ; and existent independency province of head of the hearer. Can the hearer really extinguish prejudice and personal involvement from their determinations, and non yield to any force per unit areas or influences? After the recent prostrations of celebrated companies such as Enron, WorldCom, HIH and others the independency of Auditors, Board of Directors, and the accounting profession as a whole are being questioned. The inquiry that comes head is ; are the Auditors, Board of Directors and even the direction of the companies honest, and dependable? Are the published studies dependable and can they be used to do economical and concern determinations? Who is to fault for such unethical behavior? As quoted by Williams ( 2002 ) , the Enron theoretical account is in rags as America ; from the White house to Wall Street tried to work out how it all went incorrect. The corporate sector is fighting to prolong investor assurance in the really machinery of American capitalist economy as examination falls on board of managers, audit commissions, the accounting industry, regulators and the jurisprudence shapers themselves. One truism remains: Enron s function as a posting kid for the new paradigm. Negligence, slippery Numberss, fabricated income statements, insider traffics, struggles of involvement these are the new proverbs for the corporate America. As Arthur Andersen went test, the honestness and dependability of Corporate America was in the dock excessively. Williams farther states that the surpluss of elephantine corporate payouts, old-boy webs and cross-directorships, insider portion gross revenues and ambidextrous net incomes have left investors staggering. The inquiry hanging in the air is whether anyone can be trusted with other people s money any longer. Background on Enron and World Com Enron was founded as a grapevine company in Houston in 1985. Enron was ab initio involved in conveying and administering electricity and natural gas throughout the United States. The company developed, built, and operated power workss and grapevines while covering with regulations of jurisprudence and other substructures worldwide. Enron owned a big web of natural gas grapevines which stretched ocean to ocean and surround to surround including Northern Natural Gas, Florida Gas Transwestern Pipeline Company and a partnership in Northern Border Pipeline from Canada. Before its bankruptcy in late 2001, Enron had about 22,000 staff and was one of the most celebrated electricity, natural gas, communications, and mush and paper companies. It had about more that $ 101 billion gross in 2000. Lucknamed Enron America s Most Advanced Company for six back-to-back old ages. At the terminal of 2001 it was revealed that its reported fiscal status was sustained well by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud, known as the Enron dirt . Enron s concern included many long term hazardous investings that had no short term grosss, which lead the company to make particular purpose entities ( SPE s ) to distribute the hazard of these investings. Although this spread of hazard was in itself non illegal, the manner the SPE s were created and finally managed was. To make these illegal SPE s, Enron used the 3 % regulation ( EITF 90-15 ) , which states that 3 % of subordinate s startup capital must come from an outside investor ; Enron really received this outside investing from directors in Enron or their married womans. Enron filed for bankruptcy protection in the Southern District of New York in late 2001 and selected Weil, Gotshal A ; Mangers as its bankruptcy advocate. It emerged from bankruptcy in November 2004, pursuant to a court-approved program of reorganisation, after one of the biggest and most complex bankruptcy instances in U.S. history. Following the letdown of Enron, came another downtime in the American Economy, WorldCom failed. WorldCom, Inc. perpetrated the largest accounting fraud in U.S. history. The roots of WorldCom go to the Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. ( LDDS ) which began in Mississippi in 1983. The company went public in 1989 through a amalgamation with Advantage Companies Inc. The company name was changed to LDDS WorldCom in 1995, and subsequently merely WorldCom.The company s growing was fuelled chiefly through acquisitions during 1990s and reached its vertex with the acquisition of MCI in 1998. WorldCom, now called MCI, emerged from bankruptcy protection on April 20, 2004 after being fined $ 750 million. In entire, WorldCom reported accounting abnormalities of $ 11 billion. While employees and investors look for single blameworthiness, much of WorldCom s organisational construction and civilization potentially contributed non merely to the fraud but besides to the length of clip over which it occurred. In many ways, groupthink may assist explicate some of the issues and deceitful activities at WorldCom every bit good as the force per unit areas that were placed on employees widening the period over which the fraud occurred. The SEC Report ( 2003 ) noted that cognition of the abnormalities was non limited to a few high degree executives. Many lower degree employees were cognizant that the accounting entries being posted were non bearable and that the prepared fiscal studies were false or, at a lower limit, really deceptive. Unusually, these employees often did non raise any expostulations despite their consciousness or intuitions that the accounting was incorrect, and merely followed waies or even enlisted the aid of others ( SEC, 2003, p. 7 ) . What went incorrect? As stated clearly by the lead prosecuting officer for the section of Justice, in his shutting statements to the jury in the Enron instance: this is a simple instance, ladies and gentlemen. Because it s so simple, I am likely traveling to stop before my allotted clip. It s black and white. Truth and lies! The stockholders, ladies and gentlemen, purchase a portion of stock, and for that they re entitled to the truth. They re entitled for the officers and employees of the company to set their involvements in front their ain. They re entitled to be told what the fiscal status of the company is. They are entitled to honesty, ladies and gentlemen. The Powers Committee, a panel charged with look intoing Enron s death, noted the company failed to accomplish a cardinal aim: they did non pass on the kernel of the minutess in a sufficiently clear manner to enable a reader of Enron s fiscal statements to understand what was traveling on . In short they were non told plenty. Furthermore, the Committee besides stated that Enron s board of managers failed to understand the economic principle, the effects and the hazards of their companies S.P.E trades. Enron s hearer were besides been accused of carry oning concern in an unethical mode in its effort to retain the trueness of Enron executives. The Torahs and SEC ordinances allowed houses like Arthur Andersen to supply confer withing services to a company and so turn around and supply the audited study about the fiscal consequences of these confer withing activities; therefore doing an independent audit by Arthur Andersen independent in name merely. Enron s top degree direction violated several accounting Torahs, SPE Torahs, and bent the accounting regulations to fulfill their ain desires to gain in the short term, wholly disregarding long term reverberations for investors, shareholders, employees and the concern itself. When Enron corrected these jobs in their fiscal statements, they restated with a loss of $ 609 million, Wall Street devalued their equity by $ 1.2 billion, and less than a month subsequently filed for bankruptcy.As was subsequently discovered, many of Enron s recor ded assets and net incomes were inflated, or even entirely deceitful and nonexistent. Debts and losingss were put into entities formed offshore that were non included in the house s fiscal statements, and other sophisticated and arcane fiscal minutess between Enron and related companies were used to take unprofitable entities off the company s books. The fact that was surprising was that Enron was non paying any income revenue enhancement on four of its five old ages. Enron usage of mark-to-market accounting and SPE were an accounting game that made the company expression as though it was gaining far more money than it was. But the I.R.S did non accept mark-to-market accounting, since in the eyes of the I.R.S ; Enron was non doing any money. In the WorldCom instance, SEC investigated for accounting practises, disputed client histories and committees on corporate concern. The SEC Report ( 2003 ) came to a decision ; that Ebbers ( CEO ) created the force per unit area that led to the fraud. He demanded the consequences he had promised, and he appeared to contemn the processs ( and people ) that should hold been a cheque on misreporting ( p. 18 ) . Furthermore, the SEC Report ( 2003 ) concluded that: .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a , .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .postImageUrl , .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a , .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:hover , .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:visited , .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:active { border:0!important; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:active , .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35dea3de775ac61f6386591eac13231a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theory of Consumer Choice Essay WorldCom s continued success became dependent on Ebbers ability to pull off the internal operations of what was so an huge company, and to make so in an industry-wide downswing. He was stunningly unsuccessful in this enterprise. He continued to feed Wall Street s outlooks of double-digit growing, and he demanded that his subsidiaries meet those outlooks. But he did non supply the leading or managerial attending that would enable WorldCom to run into those outlooks lawfully. ( p. 5 ) SEC study ( 2003 )found that WorldCom s ex-Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) , Bernie Ebbers, initiated much of the civilization and force per unit area that allowed the fraud to transpirate. In concurrency with this determination, on March 2, 2004, Ebbers was charged with confederacy to perpetrate securities fraud, securities fraud, and falsely registering with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( Davidson, 2004 ; Moritz, 2004) after Scott Sullivan, WorldCom s ex-Chief Financial Officer ( CFO ) agreed to attest against him ( Pulliam, Latour, A ; Brown, 2004) . In entire, Ebbers now faces charges with a maximal punishment of 85 old ages in prison and an $ 8.25 million mulct ( Davidson, 2004 ) . The SEC ( 2003 ) besides found that Scott Sullivan had the ill-conceived repute among employees for his faultless unity. Many of the finance and accounting employees who were cognizant of the abnormalities may hold rationalized that because of Sullivan s unquestionable unity he must hold found some new methodological analysis or loophole in the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) to back up the entries he was directing. Beyond the accounting fraud, both Ebbers and Sullivan engaged in really questionable traffics with their employees. For illustration, harmonizing to the SEC ( 2003 ) , over an 18 month period stoping in 2002, Ebbers gave Ron Beaumont, WorldCom s ex-Chief Operating Officer ( COO ) , a sum of $ 650,000 whereas Sullivan wrote personal cheques to seven of his directors giving them $ 20,000 each by composing one cheque to the employee for $ 10,000 and another to the employee s partner for the same sum. Sullivan rationalized these final payments as a company fillip even though they were written on his personal checking history and no extra fillip was authorized by the company s board of managers. The SEC ( 2003 ) stated that these Acts of the Apostless were non needfully improper in themselves created conflicting truenesss and deterrences to take a firm stand on proper behavior ( p. 23 ) . In add-on to these erstwhile payouts, there were besides a choice figure of employees who were com pensated above WorldCom s salary guidelines to advance trueness to the company ( Zekany, Braun, A ; Warder, 2004) . As we go through the failures, we notice the followers: Disproof of the studies audits agreed to state that the studies of these houses were true and just, when there were obvious deceit of the accounting processs and policies. Collusion of hearers with the direction Hearers and the direction agreed mislead the stakeholders on the traffics and the non disclosure the full information to the populace. In the Hearers supplying non audit services to these clients and acquiring good returns from the NAS economic sciences literature and the theories of knowledge spillovers province that there are efficiencies to be gained from the joint supply of audit and NAS. Research in this country shows assorted consequences, but in these case it seems like to be the instance There was deficiency / weak of corporate administration practiced by the houses the fiscal executives failed in their responsibility to protect the company assets and supply full revelation to the stockholders. Besides the board of managers and the audit commission failed to protect investor involvement ( s ) . The studies were made to accommodate the demands of the direction, since most of the wagess ( pay outs ) were linked to public presentation on the net income and loss footing the executives used aggressive net incomes criterions that barely anyone understood. The executives continued to demo good net income despite them non making good The usage of Accounting abnormalities and cooking the books for case Enron used Mark to Market accounting. This is used by companies that engage in complicated fiscal trading. Here what was go oning, Enron used to gauge how much of gross the trade was traveling to convey in and set these in the fiscal studies every bit shortly as the contract is signed. Besides in Enron the company was utilizing the Particular purpose entities ( S.P.E ) . An SPE worked like a separate entity so that the company could demo growing and besides acquire more loans from the bank. In WorldCom s state of affairs, the disbursals were understated by 3.8billion dollars and when the Auditors were called in they besides failed to happen the mistake. Business moralss were weak the executives were ethically corrupt and their purposes were to to the full their pockets and non in the involvement of the stockholders, particularly in the instance of Enron The fiscal markets in the US were inquiring what went incorrect after the prostration of Enron A ; WorldCom. The simple ground was that there was a corporate administration failure and that there was deficiency of honestness in today s universe. So to counter these jobs the U.S Congress passed the Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002. What was the Reaction? Following the prostration of big companies, investors can readily place their place grown dirts in about every market around the universe ; a assortment of stock uses and dirts that have caused values to plump in recent old ages on the turning stock markets of China, USA and others. Grynberg et Al ( 2002:113 ) argues that province ownership of commercial assets with weak systems of public financial administration was a formula for exactly the type of black results that were observed both in footings of absolute dollar values involved and the figure of people adversely affected. Interestingly, these corporate dirts have reaffirmed that even the most developed markets are non free from failures in the system. Public and authorities responses ushered in a new epoch of higher corporate administration criterions, and in some markets, new Torahs and regulative demands are ( rhenium ) determining the administration construction. In the U.S. , for illustration, Congress passed the Sarbanes-O xley Act of 2002to reconstruct public trust in the fiscal markets. The New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ Market besides adopted higher criterions for board independency. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, was created months after Enron Corp. , WorldCom and several other companies that were hauled up for accounting fraud in the US, created some of the most rigorous fiscal revelation norms for public listed companies in the state, including keeping a company s senior executives lawfully responsible for the veracity of their fiscal statements.When President Bush signed the Act into jurisprudence, he characterized it as the most far-reaching reform of American concern patterns since the clip of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a 66-page aggregation of demands, many left for existent definition by the SEC, designed to foreground and extinguish what its advocates have settled on as the root causes of the fiscal fiascos. But loosely, with some frankly distressing exclusions, the Act merely makes Federal jurisprudence out of bing fiscal regulative governments and patterns, and either creates or increases bing condemnable punishments for white collar offenses. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 severely affects the accounting profession and provides more strict independency demands and more ruthless punishments for breaches. The major commissariats of the Act are the constitution of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ( PCAOB ) , prohibition of hearers from executing certain non-audit services( commissariats are contained in Sections 201 and 202 of Title II ) for their audit clients, infliction of greater condemnable punishments for corporate fraud, mandates audits spouse rotary motion and strengthens the function of the audit commission and name for more elaborate and timely revelation of fiscal information. Further, Section 404 of the Act requires that direction buttocks internal controls and that hearer s study on the internal controls of their clients. By necessitating deeper inadvertence, enforcing greater punishments for misconduct, and covering with possible struggles of involvement, the Act aims to forestall delusory accounting and direction misbehavior. The Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 besides extends the legislative act of restrictions for the find of fraud to two old ages ( antecedently one twelvemonth ) from the day of the month of find and five old ages after the act ( antecedently three old ages ) . The Act establishes unsympathetic punishments for securities jurisprudence misdemeanors, corporate cozenage and papers shredding and requires the Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) and Chief Financial Officer ( CFO ) to officially province that the fiscal study reasonably nowadayss in all stuff respects the operations and status of the company. It besides requires direction to supply a study on the effectivity of internal control over fiscal coverage and the hearer T provide confidence that the study is appropriate. The SOX affects non merely US companies and US Auditors, but any audit house actively working as a hearer of, or for, a publically traded US company or its subordinate. Therefore, the Act screens and Australian audit house or Pacific audit house that does the audit of a subordinate of a US listed company or that of any company listed in the US stock exchange. Sarbanes-Oxley contains 11 rubrics that describe specific authorizations and demands for fiscal coverage. Each rubric consists of several subdivisions, summarized below.{ Note the undermentioned subdivision has been adopted from Wikipedia, the he free encyclopaedia } Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ( PCAOB ) provides independent inadvertence of public accounting houses supplying audit services. Explains on the audit policies and processs to used .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 , .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .postImageUrl , .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 , .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:hover , .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:visited , .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:active { border:0!important; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:active , .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773 .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uba3bac84e868ca7750fa39140471b773:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hard Times Utilitarianism EssayAuditor Independence reference the issue of struggle of involvement and hearer rotary motion and other services to be provided or non to be provided Corporate Responsibility authorizes that senior executives take single duty for the truth and completeness of studies. It defines the interaction of external hearers and corporate audit commissions, and specifies the duty of corporate officers for the truth and cogency of corporate fiscal studies. It enumerates specific bounds on the behavior of corporate officers and describes specific forfeitures of benefits and civil punishments for non-compliance. Enhanced Financial Disclosures describes enhanced coverage demands. Besides requires internal controls to be assured for truth and requires a audit and study on the internal control systems Analyst Conflicts of Interest includes steps designed to assist reconstruct investor assurance in the coverage of securities analysts. It defines the codifications of behavior for securities analysts and requires revelation of cognizable struggles of involvement. Commission Resources and Authority defines patterns to reconstruct investor assurance in securities analysts. It besides defines the SEC s authorization to animadversion or saloon securities professionals from pattern and defines conditions under which a individual can be barred from practising as a agent, adviser, or trader. Surveies and Reports requires on-going research and analysis of the studies and new accounting ordinances Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability describes specific condemnable punishments for use, devastation or change of fiscal records or other intervention with probes, while supplying certain protections for whistle blowers. White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement increases the condemnable punishments associated with white-collar offenses and confederacies. It recommends stronger condemning guidelines and specifically adds failure to attest corporate fiscal studies as a condemnable discourtesy. Corporate Tax Returns provinces that the CEO to subscribe revenue enhancement returns Corporate Fraud Accountability identifies corporate fraud and records fiddling as condemnable discourtesies and articulations those discourtesies to specific punishments. It besides revises condemning guidelines and strengthens their punishments. This enables the SEC the resort to temporarily stop dead minutess or payments that have been deemed big or unusual . Nothing had shaken the accounting and scrutinizing professions more than the prostration of Enron and the ensuing prohibition from scrutinizing public companies placed on Arthur Anderson, one of the largest and oldest accounting houses around. The signal was clear the demand for alteration within the professions and throughout the audit map. The Congress in the US reacted by implementing SOX as a preventive attack to another Enron. However, the inquiry still remains: Is SOX the solution? Will SOX avoid another Enron or WorldCom? Research into the subject of SOX being the solution, has showed assorted consequences. This paper will foreground merely some of the consequences shown by research workers over the past few old ages. Consequently to the Wikipedia, the free Encyclopaedia, Former Federal Reserve Chairman, praised the Sarbanes-Oxley Act: I am surprised that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, so quickly developed and enacted, has functioned every bit good as it has the act significantly reinforced the rule that stockholders own our corporations and that corporate directors should be working on behalf of stockholders to apportion concern resources to their optimal usage. SOX, has been praised by a cross-section of fiscal industry experts, mentioning improved investor assurance and more accurate, dependable fiscal statements. The CEO and CFO are now required to unambiguously take ownership for their fiscal statements under Section 302, which was non the instance prior to SOX. Further, hearer struggles of involvement have been addressed, by forbiding hearers from besides holding moneymaking consulting understandings with the houses they audit under Section 201. SEC Chairman Christopher Cox stated in 2007: Sarbanes-Oxley helped reconstruct trust in U.S. markets by increasing answerability, rushing up coverage, and doing audits more independent. The FEI 2007 survey and research by the Institute of Internal Auditors ( IIA ) besides indicated SOX has improved investor assurance in fiscal coverage, a primary aim of the statute law. The IIA survey besides indicated betterments in board, audit commission, and senior direction battle in fiscal coverage and betterments in fiscal controls. The Wikipedia, the free Encyclopaedia furthermore provinces, fiscal restatements increased significantly in the aftermath of the SOX statute law and have since dramatically declined, as companies cleaned up their books. Glass, Lewis amp ; Co. LLC is a San Francisco-based house that tracks the volume of do-overs by public companies. Its March 2006 study, Geting It Wrong the First Time, shows 1,295 restatements of fiscal net incomes in 2005 for companies listed on U.S. securities markets, about twice the figure for 2004. That s about one restatement for every 12 public companies-up from one for every 23 in 2004, says the study. On the contrary, SOX has besides been cited for weakening investing and possible growing of the American Economy. Harmonizing to Zhang, the cumulative unnatural return around the legislative events taking to SOX is significantly negative. The unnatural returns are mostly undistinguished around the events related to the execution of SOX. The grounds reveals that investors consider the Act to be dearly-won and/or the information conveyed by the transition of the Act to be bad intelligence for concern. The loss in market value around the most important rulemaking events amounts to $ 1.4 trillion, which likely reflects direct conformity costs, indirect costs and expected costs of future anti-business statute law. The impact of other contemporary intelligence proclamations is besides incorporated into the unnatural return, but a farther scrutiny of intraday returns shows that such proclamations are improbable the cardinal driver of the negative returns in July 2002. Furthermore Zhang, states that houses cumulative unnatural returns are diminishing with their purchases of non-audit services and the complexness of their concern. These findings suggest that the limitation of non-audit services and the new demand of the internal control trials are dearly-won. The trial of market reactions to the proclamation of proroguing conformity with Section 404 shows that the delay is peculiarly good for little houses. Most significantly, he found that houses with sensed weak administration experience lower unnatural returns around the events that increase the likeliness of go throughing tough administration regulations. The consequences show that these houses do non profit from enhanced administration as normally expected, but really lose more as a consequence of SOX. This happening significantly challenges the value of SOX, as it is chiefly characterized as statute law bettering corporate administration and increasing stockholder value. Another recent study of more than 80 US fraud testers indicate that most believe fraud is more prevailing today than it was in 2002 when SOX was introduced. 75 % of the respondents to Oversight Systems most recent Annual survey on corporate fraud is prevailed today, compared with two out of three respondents in 2005 study. Merely 3 % of respondents felt that fraud was less prevailing. The first several old ages of SOX has non been effectual ( in forestalling fraud ) .Furthermore, 42 % 500 respondents believe that corporate watchfulness around fraud bar has slackened since SOX. 13 % said there was a perceptual experience of greater corporate watchfulness. Similar consequences were found in 2007 study. The chief issues identified in this have been addressed by SOX, nevertheless, SOX has failed to turn to: The cost of new naming on the stock exchanges. Companies are non desiring to travel public as the execution cost of SOX is high The impact of the SOX in acquiring competitory border for the US houses in comparing to foreign houses. The execution has been expensive and most of the houses are cut downing other costs in order to keep the cost of implementing SOX, hence consisting the future growing of the houses and therefore the economic growing of US. Finally, can we construct moralss or ethical behavior in one person, society or the group of forces s pull offing a company. In my position moralss and ethical behavior is adopted by the milieus and the people involved and non by jurisprudence or statute laws such as SOX. Decision The turnaround of the century was greeted by the convulsion of catastrophes for the fiscal markets across the planetary. The planetary was plagued with corrupt and untrusty executives. The fiscal markets in the US and Australia were inquiring what went incorrect? The simple ground was that there was a corporate administration failure and that there was deficiency of honestness in today s universe. In despair, of these failures the U.S Congress introduced the Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002. The act was designed to protect investors by bettering the truth and dependability of corporate revelations . The act was able to turn to the appropriate relationship between the independent hearers and the direction of the company being audited, stipulate appropriate corporate administration patterns, stipulate commissariats to esteem corporate fraud and answerability and eventually set up demands for internal control to guarantee proper execution and certification of the systems for more unity and answerability. With the execution of the Act, it does look like that it will forestall future failures such as Enron. On the contrary, while SOX calls for independent managers, dividing the functions of executives, criminalizing loan strategy, protecting whistle blowers and doing the managers and the audit commissions more accountable, but are they plenty? The cost of execution has been high and the proviso have already being watered down. Can we learn or construct moralss in oneself? The managers, directors and other demand to retrieve is that moralss affair and must be demonstrated from the top ; that it is better to market outlooks instead than to pull off net incomes to run into outlooks ; and that it is false economic system to stint on information and control systems. None of this will forestall companies pursing blemished schemes or doing hapless acquisitions. Nor will it harness in the excessively ambitious and avaricious CEO unless it is a strong, knowing and disputing board. To reason SOX does supply for more tougher ordinances and more tighter controls for administration and coverage, nevertheless, it will neglect to construct a better society and besides will non be able prevent corporate failures. It will work out the jobs highlighted by Enron and WorldCom, but it will non work out ethical issues and behavior of corporate leaders/executives.

Essay on HistoryEssay Writing Service

Essay on HistoryEssay Writing Service Essay on History Essay on HistoryWe live in a space of myths without noticing this fact. This space forms a tight ring around us, forcing us to see white in black, and vice versa. Sometimes veil of myth opens, and we see the disgusting mechanism of sophisticated manipulation of human consciousness. But new myths come on the place of outdated myths and new falsehood globally continues. Thus, we are going to discuss the concept of history as a place of myths’ development in this assignment.It seems to me that the notion of â€Å"history† has a double meaning: it means what has happened in the past, but also the activities of the historian, cognition, representation, and training. It can be said that historian builds his conclusions on the material of historical sources. By this phrase we can understand all remnants of the past, which are associated with human activity and reflect the development of human society. This is a very extensive range of texts and artifacts from the fragments of ceramics to books. Thus, historical science reveals, reconstructs and interprets (explains) the historical facts.Taking into account Loewen’s phrase that â€Å"Textbooks are often muddled by the conflicting desires to promote inquiry and to indoctrinate blind patriotism,† it is necessary to remember that history is written by people (Loewen 6). Everyone who creates historical texts thinks that changing one minor detail, he or she will not change anything important in the course of the history. Then historical sources are overwritten by other people for several times. New historians have the same thoughts and mistakes in historical events continue snowballing.Loewen states that â€Å"[History] textbooks also keep students in the dark about the nature of history. History is a furious debate informed by evidence and reason,† and this statement allows to suppose that somebody or some power is interested to hide concrete historical facts or to replace them by new fac ts which are more pleasant or significant to perception (Loewen 7). Both Loewen and Zinn made a thorough analysis of American History and the birth of American nation, and they found a lot of mystifications in the course of historical events and their presentation to a wide public.   Both scientists provide a refreshing look at the events of the past from the times of Columbus to the period of the Revolution, and demonstrated that ideology is very often prevailing over historical facts.Educators consider that it is better to educate children on the approved school programs, where everything is understandable and historical figures are described as heroes with a proper set of positive personal qualities. But people are different by their nature, and there are no completely positive or negative individuals and personal traits influence on people’s decisions and then on actions, so many historical facts that are hidden by high motives have other characteristics as well as ther e always exists a reverse side in any event. For instance, a well-known holiday such as Thanksgiving Day can be considered a celebration of ethnocentrism and there exist many facts that forced people to accept this position.To conclude, it is hard to argue the fact that many history textbooks present the facts only from one side to show people what they want to see and hiding the truth. There exist many reasons for such attitude, beginning with ideological motives and ending with specific purposes of people who have power. But in order to achieve progress in the society’s development, people need to realize that there exists another history that was not taught at schools, so every event should be explored from different sides before accepting it as the truth. People need to realize that history has many ugly facts and only accepting them, it is possible to avoid the same mistakes in the future and create a long-term progress in the development of highly-technological and civi lized society.

Meeting the psychological needs of teaching staff Essay

Meeting the psychological needs of teaching staff - Essay Example In April 2000, Pamela Relf, a teacher with over 36 year’s experience, took her life after an Ofsted inspector criticised her teaching at Middlefield Primary School in Eynesbury, Cambridgeshire. For a teacher of her experience to be criticised like this, was more than a rebuke. Pamela, the school’s senior most teachers left behind a note echoing the sentiments of many teachers, saying "I am now finding the stress of my job too much. The pace of work and the long days are more than I can do." Similarly, three other teachers have also been linked to stress, bullying and Ofsted inspections. They are Janet Watson (33) of Northwick, Cheshire, Jenny Knibb (47) of Exeter, and James Patton (29) of Birmingham. Though the numbers of casualties are unknown and definitely much more, the above cases alone characterise the heat teachers undergo in the face of prolonged stress and bullying. Though these teachers took their lives because of the workload and pressure to perform, it is ar gued that their suicide was because of mental health problem. But this can also come about due to the result of psychiatric injury caused by prolonged negative stress. Psychiatric injury is not the same as mental illness (Tim Field, 2006). The cases of stress and strain are numerous and would go beyond many, many pages. In order to understand the impact of stress and strain on teachers, the above cases were quoted. To overcome the negative thoughts of leaving the profession, teachers had to be offered perks and cordial work environment for retention.

Becoming an ATF Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Becoming an ATF Agent - Essay Example All ATF agents are required to receive at least a bachelor’s degree. The individual must be at least twenty-one years old and no older than thirty-seven. There are a number of smaller requirements as well. In these regards the individual must, â€Å"Complete and pass the ATF special agent assessment test and the Treasury Enforcement Agent exam† (Jess, 2011). Potential ATF agents also undergo stringent background testing, including a polygraph test. In addition, it’s noted that you will need to, â€Å"undergo a physical exam and drug screening. If you are selected to become an agent, you will also participate in a much more specific law enforcement training program† ("Criminal justice degrees," 2011). While ATF agents must receive a four-year degree, there is not a specific major or degree the individual must receive; although many ATF agents pursue studies in criminal justice, law, or related fields. In addition there are specific paths within the ATF that require post-graduate coursework. In terms of cost, there is a great amount of cost differential based on the type of education – public or private – the individual seeks. In addition, concerns related to room and board also make the cost highly relative. Once individuals are hired as ATF agents there is also a considerable amount of training. It’s noted that the individual undergoes, â€Å"9 weeks in Glynco, GA where new agents are trained in surveillance, arrest techniques, firearms training and other skills.   New agents then spend 13 weeks at FLETC where they are trained on explosives, bomb scene investigation and other similar areas† ("Atf agent career," 2011). Even as there are considerable requirements to become an ATF agent, the beginning salary is commensurate with the extensive training; in these regards, beginning agents make approximately $25,000 per year, but within a few years can make nearly $50,000. In conclusion,

Www.ideo.com and www.kickstarter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Www.ideo.com and www.kickstarter - Essay Example Kickstarter.com has a terrific vision making dreams into realities. Projects, creative ideas and other dream endeavors become reality with the funding that could be provided by kickstarter.com. Looking closely at the reviews for kickstarter.com, the website both has good and negative reviews. For the good reviews, the website was able to materialize projects would not have left the trestle board if it was not funded through kickboard. One of the projects was the Dewey Mac, Kid Detective Book which is a make DIY (do it yourself) and STEM Spy Gadget (Carroll). The idea was to make children experiment from STEM (Science, Technology and Math) experiences to be able to play the game. The participant would be building real working toys such as foxhole radio and glass ear from materials that could be readily found at home. In the process, it strengthens the STEM skills of children while having fun. The kit received various awards which could not have been possible without kickstarter.comâ⠂¬â„¢s help. Another project that materialized through kickstarter.com was the â€Å"Foodie Dice: Play with your food† project (Tumbleweeds). The idea was to inspire cooking combinations from the dice by merely rolling them. It is composed of 5 primary dice and 4 seasonal veggie dice that could produce creative concoctions by merely rolling them. The project receive $86,371 pledges and 2,333 backers (Tumbleweeds). III. Conclusion There are also some negative reviews about kickstarter.com such as non-notification of projects that it dropped that confuses the creators (sitejabber.com). But comparing these operational glitches to the benefit that kickstarter.com does to creative people, it is negligible. People in general are still grateful to the help that kickstarter.com extends to the creative. In sum, kickstarter.com serves as a bridge between people who have great ideas who does not have the resources to materialize it and those people who have resources who would like to h elp creative to materialize their ideas. Part II I. Title: www.ideo.com II. Introduction Ideo.com also deals with creative ideas just like kickstarter.com except that it does not look for fund those ideas into reality but rather help its customers to tap on their latent creativity to realize their creativity. Ideo is a design and innovation consultancy company founded in Palo Alto, California in 1991 by David Kelley, a Stanford Professor, Moggridge Associates, Matrix Design and Steelcase. Its current CEO is Tim Brown. It offers its consultancy services to its clients to help them design their products. Among the products connected with Ideo are futuristic PDS, sports watches and media panel (ideo.com). They call it â€Å"creative confidence† or design thinking where people discover their inherent creativity and transform them into a positive force in an organization (ideo.com). Compared to kickstarter.com where they look funding to help creative ideas materialize, ideo.com br ings out the creativity of people by actively engaging with their customers in the design of their products. III. Body Ideo.com can be classified as a cutting edge company in terms of design. Many of the known brands and popular products that we are using right now are in fact designed by the company. Among these companies are Samsung and British Airways. They collaborate with its customers and help them come up with a design and innovation that is consistent with the brand of their customers. IDEO integrate the needs of people, the possibility of technology and the requirement of business success as its approach to industrial design. It helps its customers

Improving Communication for Patient Safety

Improving Communication for Patient Safety Abstract: Communication is a very important aspect of medical training. Poor communication is the root cause for the majority of complaints against the National Health Service (NHS) (Pincock S. , 2004). Communication is especially important at handover to ensure continuity of appropriate medical care and to ensure safety of patients. The added constraint in medical handovers is that the process is limited by time. The SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation) tool is intended for effective transfer of information between health professionals in a concise, factual and standardised structure. This article assesses the importance of teaching communication in medical education with particular emphasis on handover, the available literature on SBAR and the authors view on SBAR as a communication tool for medical students and trainee doctors. Introduction Communication lies at the heart of good medical practice. The General Medical Council has mandated the need for good communication skills to ensure that patients are kept informed of their condition, progress, investigations, treatment and progress. Good communication skills are also necessary to ensure continuity of patient care and to ensure patient safety. The introduction of the shift system has made effective communication more important (General Medical Council). Poor communication is the root cause for the majority of complaints in the National Health Service. Poor communication between health professionals, failure to take informed consent and improper handling of complaints are the major reasons and effective communication could have reduced the disputes and complaints (Pincock S. , 2004). Teaching communication to medical students in UK medical schools The UK council of communication skills in undergraduate medical education was established in 2005 with the aim of raising awareness, to improve current teaching, to improve and to develop consensus on the communication training provided to medical students (The UK council of communication skills in undergraduate medical education). This in the authors opinion represents a major step towards recognition of the need for training medical students in communication skills training. In addition to the benefits which better communication has in relation to patient safety and reducing complaints, research has indicated that teaching communication skills to medical students improved their overall performance (Smith, Hanson, Tewskbury, 2007). The medical handover: communication is vital The National patient safety agency (NPSA), London has defined handover as The transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for some or all aspects of care for a patient, or group of patients, to another person or professional group on a temporary or permanent basis (National Patient Safety agency, 2007). Medical handover is one of the most important procedures and has the potential for causing errors and harm if done improperly. It is also a very frequent occurrence with the advent of the shift system of working. The General Medical Council has also recognised the importance of a good handover and explained that keep colleagues well informed when sharing the care of patients (General Medical Council). Benefits of a good handover Good handover has several benefits both for the doctor and the patient. For the doctor the handover session can be used to improve communication skills and can also be used to teach clinical medicine. A good handover also makes working less stressful as the doctors on the shift have will have good knowledge about the patients and their management plans. The British Medical Association has also opined that clear communication at handover will protect the doctor against blame for errors (British Medical Association, 2004). Good handover also benefits the patient by providing continuity of care, providing safety, decreasing repetition and in providing better service satisfaction. There are several critical incidents of patient safety being compromised because of the lack of clear handover between teams (British Medical Association, 2004). Constraints to good handover There are several constraints to a detailed handover. In the authors own experience of handover in an intensive care area, the time allocated for handover is often insufficient to handover all details of patient care. Although the morning handover is led by the consultant on call and attended by a multidisciplinary team involving the physiotherapist and the in charge nurse, evening handover often involves only the junior doctors on call. Because of the complex problems which most patients on intensive care have, the handover often extends beyond the allocated time of 30 minutes. This means that the doctors who are leaving are unable to do so on time and those who are starting are not able to get on with their duties on time; both these situations lead to a sense of dissatisfaction with the job. The handover venue varies from the patients bedside to the doctors office and therefore lacks uniformity and continuity. Further the handover can be interrupted by non-emergency calls from dif ferent parts of the hospital. On some occasions handover is taken by one team while the other team is setting up the ventilator and this results in an unsatisfactory handover. Because of the presence of personnel from paediatric, intensive care, anaesthetic, nursing and other allied health back grounds at the morning handover, there are significant differences in the style, length and the importance which different people place on different aspects of the handover. Also the experience levels of the different trainees are variable and they vary in the ability to highlight important aspects of patient care and in their ability to summarise the progress of a patient in a concise way. Need for a structure to handover One of the criticisms of handover among healthcare professionals is the hint and hope approach where one person hints at what might be going on without giving any specific details and hopes to get a specific response or action (Featherston, 2005). The handover process needs to be streamlined to allow transfer of a large amount of information regarding very sick patients with complex needs in a time limited manner. This means that there is a need for a system of handover which is structured, complete, relevant and concise to ensure uniformity of the process and to ensure continuity of patient care. Literature of handover in other hospital settings A study of handover of clinical care from ambulance crew to the emergency department personnel showed that there were concerns regarding the quality and quantity of handover, the staff perception of handover and staff education. This study also identified the need for a standardised handover process which would enable smooth transfer of patient care and also provide opportunity for the receiving team to assess and prioritise their work (Bost, Crilly, Wallis, 2010). The British Medical Association (British Medical Association, 2004), The General Medical (General Medical Council) and the National patient safety agency (National Patient Safety agency, 2007) have all emphasised the need to develop a system of effective handover. SBAR SBAR (Situation, background, assessment, recommendation) is a communication technique that provides a structure for communication between healthcare professionals. SBAR was developed by Dr. Leonard and colleagues in 2006. It is useful for handover from nurse to nurse, doctor to doctor and doctor to nurse. SBAR enables healthcare professionals to communicate in a specific framework. When applied to handover communication, S stands for situation which is a short description of the problem, its severity and when it started. B stands for pertinent background describing the admission diagnosis, results of investigations and other clinical information. Details of current resuscitation status could also be included in this. A stands for the handing over team assessment of the patient status and R stands for recommendation on how the patient should be managed. Recommendation can also be used to update the team receiving the handover on how quickly a patient needs to be seen and this can help them prioritise their tasks. Literature on use of SBAR SBAR is relatively new and there have only been a few studies looking into its impact on communication and patient safety. One study demonstrated that staff found SBAR tool helpful in team and individual communication. As a result of this the study team using SBAR perceived an improvement in patient safety culture. The study group also showed an improvement in reporting of incidents and near misses in the team and in the institution where study was done (Velji, Baker, Fancott, 2008). Another study found fewer missed information at handover and suggested that this improved patient safety. The authors of this study opined that this was the result of information transfer in a concise and organised format (Haig Sutton, 2006). Other studies have reported mixed results. A study from Texas found no or slightly negative impact on the nurse confidence while talking to physicians, safety on the unit and satisfaction with working on the unit. However there was some benefit on communication openness and in feedback about errors. It must be noted that this study was based on a comparison of key outcome measures following a four hour classroom training on SBAR which the authors themselves describe as inadequate. The authors have advised caution regarding the widespread use of SBAR despite the lack of evidence of its effectiveness (Carroll, 2006). The SBAR collaborative communication evidence based practice study (SBAR EBP) showed that use of SBAR resulted in transfer of evidence, knowledge and clinical skills. The second outcome from this study was the benefits noted in communication, teamwork and safety environment. However as the authors of this study note, there are no studies so far which demonstrate benefits in patient outcomes or patient collaboration. This study also noted that no physicians participated in the SBAR collaborative-communication education. The authors also noted that physicians felt that SBAR teaching was meant for nurses and that doctors do not need to attend nursing classes (Beckett Kipnis, 2009). Summary of the evidence and opinion It is the authors view that SBAR as a tool for handover will act as a uniform model around which staff can communicate at handover. It also encourages critical thinking around the time of handover. It allows precise, complete and concise transfer of information at handover. This is likely to improve better team working and ultimately improve patient safety. However there are likely to be impediments to the implementation of SBAR for handover. Doctors especially at more senior levels are likely to ask for evidence regarding the positive effects of SBAR on patient safety before they support its implementation on a wider basis. Therefore there is a need for large well designed studies to demonstrate a significant benefit from use of SBAR not only on the staff perceptions and communication skills but also on patient safety. Teaching SBAR to medical students and trainee doctors It is authors opinion that communication models on medical handover should be taught from medical school days. The transition from student to doctor is huge and medical students should be trained to have the skills to make this transition as smooth as possible. There is limited literature available on teaching SBAR to medical students. One study using a simulated clinical setting found that medical students who went through 40 minute training on a modified SBAR model (ISBAR), performed significantly better than controls on a content and clarity global rating score (Marshall, Harrison, Flanagan, 2009). There is literature available on teaching SBAR to nursing students and the benefits it has had (Thomas, E, Johnson, 2009), (Wood, 2008) (Kesten Karen, 2011). The uptake of SBAR seems to be more robust amongst the nursing professionals than the medical professionals. As the uptake of SBAR increases it would become more important that medical professionals also become proficient in the use of SBAR as a model of communication. Therefore there is a need for both doctors in training and medical students to be trained in the use of SBAR. Recommendations on training in SBAR for use in medical handover Based on the experience of handover in an intensive care setting and after review of the above literature, it is the authors opinion that systems for handover need a radical overhaul to ensure patient safety and to improve communication within teams. One of the steps is a structure to the handover progress in the form of the SBAR. As a first step junior doctors need training in the use of SBAR for handover. Prior to the intervention, a baseline assessment of communication skills using an appropriate tool would help monitor progress. This can be in the form of an interactive small group discussion where the process of SBAR is fully explored. It is also important to present the available evidence on SBAR and how it can improve communication outcomes and potentially patient outcomes. A simulation exercise at the end of the discussion will also help doctors understand the skills needed. This teaching session needs to be done on several days and at times and location which facilitate and encourage junior doctor participation. The aim is to ensure that all the junior doctors in the particular unit or institution have the opportunity to attend this session. A separate session needs to be organised for the consultants who will be supervising the junior doctors as they implement SBAR. Consultants will need to play a major role in enforcing the use of this tool and also to monitor the effectiveness of this tool. Consultant supervision is essential to support the handover process using SBAR and also to facilitate the involvement of multidisciplinary teams at the handover. Handover based on SBAR should also be accompanied by robust changes like having a dedicated time and place for the morning and night handovers, making sure that the handover is not interrupted for non-emergency reasons and to ensure the availability of electronic resources which can facilitate handover. After a pre-defined period where SBAR process is implemented, there needs to be an evaluation of the effect SBAR has had on the handover process in particular and communication in general. Evidence of improvement in the handover process will encourage staff to improve further on their skills. The process of implementation should be dynamic and continuous until the process becomes a part of the working culture. Summary and conclusions Inadequate handover poses significant risks to the personnel involved, their organization and their patients. Handover therefore needs to be complete, specific, concise and structured to allow effective transfer of information. Use of SBAR will provide a structure to the handover progress. There is evidence that use of SBAR has positive benefits on team working and communication and it is likely that this has a positive effect on patient safety. The process of implementation of SBAR will involve training of staff with supervision and mentoring from senior members of the team. There is also a need to conduct well designed studies to assess the impact of SBAR on medical handover and to determine potential benefits to patient safety.

Escher :: essays research papers

Escher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my art piece I chose M.C. Escher’s â€Å"Eight Heads† from 1922. It depicts eight different heads that all form from each other. One of Escher’s many styles was to make images that form other images inside themselves. â€Å"Eight Heads† show 2 faces that could be considered evil or the devil. It has four different women in the piece and the pattern of position of the heads is more prevalent here than with any other head. The last two figures are the heads of two men wearing hats of the style worn at the time. These two heads and two of the four female heads and staring right at you. The other four heads are flipped, so that they are upside when you see it in a book. Escher always had a way of incorporating many images into a small area by flipping certain images and making every two or four images form another single or two images. Most of Escher’s works are black and white; some are in beautiful real color though. I guess yo u could call him a surrealist, but all of his work is different. Some are scenic landscapes, others are odd images of himself or another person and some are geometric shapes. Through every piece there is a hint, or a statement in some cases, of symmetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My personal opinion of the piece is that it’s appealing to the eye first off, with its black and white and flipped images. A second look gives you and idea about the period of the painting. I liked it first for its sweeping lines that connect the faces. I also like the way he appeals to all angles. He’s got the image of devils bleeding into sophisticated women. I like the way that his paintings can be taken and translated into so many different meanings. I interpret the faces as representing hell and how close sin is to life. There are two devil men and two straight men. So might there be two devil women and also two straight women? My answer is yes, two of the women are evil. This is what I like about the piece, it’s shows secrets to those who can think or dream of them. The devil is easier to see in the men than it is in the women. Maybe this is what Escher is trying to say through this piece.

Discuss how this idea is highlighted in Arthur Miller Essay

Arthur Miller was a playwright who dealt with many issues and themes. His play ‘The Crucible’ involves a past parallel of McCarthyism in the form of the Salem Witch Trials. McCarthyism came about when a politician named Joseph McCarthy tried to cover up his shaping of an anticommunist policy by using scapegoats. In this play, a girl named Abigail accused almost the whole town of witchcraft. This happened because in her own cunning way she turned the accusation against her, created when some girls in the town becoming ill, and used a scapegoat to avoid being hanged. She had had an affair with a local towns-person, John Proctor. The play ‘The Crucible’ deals with many issues and themes relevant both then and now. Persecution and power are probably the most influential. Persecution, by definition, is the subjecting of a group of people to cruel or unfair treatment, for example because of their ethnic origin or religious beliefs. In ‘The Crucible’ all of the prisoners were persecuted by torture i.e. stoning, or by force i.e. being put in jail. Righteousness is a thing wanted by many humans, mainly religious ones, as they want to be seen as good in the eyes of their God. This can sometimes lead to the persecution and torture of others in order to do something seen as righteous. In ‘The Crucible’ the whole role of persecution in the trials raises the debate of human cruelty in the name of righteousness. As the persecution of the prisoners is not righteous in itself, the goal it is set out to achieve is. People’s minds work today as they did then. While they carried out hunts for witches to evict them from society, we today ‘witch hunt’ for paedophiles and terrorists to exclude them. We may think it is radical today to hunt down and kill people just because of what a culture thinks but we carry on doing it to a lesser extent today. The search to uncover paedophiles is a case where people want to know who the paedophiles are in order to avoid them and even hurt them and punish them for what they have done and to maintain a social order. Witchcraft is not a bad practice but the people back then saw it as Satanism although it was not. It was conceived from the fact that illustrations of the Wicca god were found, who had horns, and bared a strong resemblance to the Christian view of Satan. That is why which craft was frowned upon, and people were hunted down in order to stop public outrage. Wise people of the day, such as Elizabeth Proctor and Reverend Hale, saw the absurdity of the ‘witch hunts’. They did not want to play a part in a system where if you confessed to being a witch, which was feared, you were set free; and if you claimed to be innocent, you were killed unnecessarily.  Among many others, these are the main sins committed in the play in this so-called holy society. Throughout the play, Abigail Williams had a hatred for Elizabeth Proctor, for she got to keep John. When Abigail realised that she held the power to destroy a person she quickly accused Elizabeth of being a witch, so she could have John for herself. However, John did not want to be with Abigail and so she ran away to avoid embarrassment and a revolt against her accusations. The innocent people who were accused of witchcraft had an obvious hatred for Abigail and the girls, as they had sentenced them to death. Abigail’s accusation of Elizabeth Proctor stemmed from the affair she had had with her husband. This showed John Proctors lack of self will with lust at the start, which he became to fear later. He feared that if he lusted after Abigail again he would have to stay with her and lose his wife and his clean name. Also he was disgusted with Abigail’s accusations in court and was disgraced that he even slept with her. Since Reverend Parris was appointed in Salem, he had done nothing but spend the collection on greedy things such as golden candlesticks. This was seen as valuing mortal possessions over God. With him being a Reverend it caused much uproar with Elizabeth Proctor and the whole community: Elizabeth † Pewter ones weren’t good enough he had to go and get gold ones†Ã‚  Her shock about the minister expressing such need for golden candlesticks was evidence to her denotation of greed and valuing possessions over God. Reverend Hale of Beverley was so proud of his reputation as a witch hunter that when he thought the accusations had got out of hand he wouldn’t speak up and protect innocent people. Rebecca Nurse likewise was so proud of her reputation in Salem that she would not confess to witchcraft to avoid being hanged. It was the extremely good reputation of Rebecca Nurse and her hanging that ended the madness. Abigail had sworn to get revenge on Elizabeth Proctor and she did, but it was pointless as she had failed to see the consequences of her actions. John would never have chosen Abigail over Elizabeth whether she was alive or dead.

Nissan USA

How to effectively manage new employees at the Ionians Smyrna plant? II. Statement of the Objective To adapt US and Japanese corporate cultures at the Ionians Smyrna plant within 6 months Ill. Areas of Consideration Strengths a. Latest Japanese management techniques and technology for producing vehicles b. Key positions and first line production supervisors are being filled by workers from Tennessee through an agreement with the State c.Hired experienced and native Tenseness that will be have specialized training in Japan for 2 to 4 months d. Participative management or harmonious relationship between management and labor e. Maximize human resources by implementing job enlargement and enrichment. Weaknesses a. Japanese economy Is worst advertisement for free trade b. The company's top management Is aged between 50 – 65 years old c. Cultural difference in work attitudes are predominant d. Language barrier Opportunities a. Employee screening by Tennessee Department of Employment b.Maximize human resources of Ionians USA bib enlargement and Job enrichment) Threats a. Use of robots that will replace human workers b. Temporary or sub-contract workers are opposed by US unions (AAU) Alternative Courses of Action ACACIA: To unionized the new employees thru AAU participation ACE: To establish strong reward system for workers V. Analysis ACACIA: To unionized the employees thru JAW Advantages: 1 . Promotes Job security and decreases Job attrition rate 2. As Americans tend to be individualistic, management could convey messages thru union organizations 3.Induce harmonious relationship between management and workers 4. Labor cost can be fixed for quite sometime, thus management cod roper plan its cost Disadvantages: 1. If abuse, management may have decrease human resource control 2. May subject companies to tantamount labor disputes induce by the union organization ACE: To implement employee empowerment thru trainings and decision making participation Advantages: 1 . Awareness on the Japanese management style and operations of the business 2. Improves the confidence of workers that increases productivity, efficiency and quality products 3.Develop teamwork open communication among between management and workers 4. Employee satisfaction and welfare 5. Work motivating environment 1. Abuse benefits and familiarity 2. Compromise confidentiality ACE: To establish strong reward and recognition system for workers Advantages: 1 . Improves the confidence of workers that increases productivity, efficiency and quality products 2. Job enrichment/satisfaction 3. Competitiveness of workers 4. Motivated workers 1 . Over-expectations 2. Bias/sub]activity of reward criteria 3. Compromise the quality of output VI.Conclusion Decision Matrix Criteria ACE ACE Cost 3 2 Performance effectiveness Turn-over rate Total 4 9 5 Definition of Criteria Cost – the amount of money needed to pursue the recommended courses of action Performance effectiveness – effic iency of workers resulting to increase quality and productivity Turn-over rate – decrease in turn-over rate of workers Criteria Weights 3 – least costly, most effective, lowest turn-over rate 2 – less costly, more effective, lower turn-over rate 1 – costly, effective, low turn-over rate 0 AC 2 is chosen for the most advantageous plan.Identify/ highlight good cultural corporate traits among workers and promote practice of such in the work place Quality circle members, Department Heads Decorate the plant with posters sharing good US and Japan corporate values John Bryan, HER Department 1 month Send key employees to Japan for training John Bryan, Department Heads, Conduct monthly meetings discussing corporate cultures and corrections if any John Bryan, Quality circle members, Every month Conduct small focus group discussion among workers regarding work and corporate culture HER Department, Department Heads Monitor results John Bryan, HER Department 2 months

Ethiopian Famine 1983-1986 essays

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Climate change and adaptation and mitigation Essay

Climate change and adaptation and mitigation - Essay Example s of carbon dioxide have increased from a pre- industrial value of 278 to 385 parts per million in 2008, and the average global temperatures rose by 0.74 degree Celsius. In line with scientists, this is the fastest and largest warming trend they have been able to distinguish in history. With the increase in temperatures, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change shows that the rate of recurrence of severe events such as those of heat values, drought and heavy rainfall will increase, negatively affecting agriculture, forests, bio diversity, water resources, industry, human health and settlements. Higher temperatures are predicted to raise sea level (Karling, 2001). This will be an outcome of thermal expansion of oceans and melting of mountain glaciers and ice caps together with portions of green land and Antarctic ice sheets (Hardy, 2003). In addition, amplified concentration of atmosphere carbon dioxide is causing oceans to become more acidic threatening viability of aquatic life. This concentration will not fully disperse for thousands of years. The need for action progressively grows more urgent. Basic hypothesis, climate model simulation and empirical evidence all approve that warmer climates, due to water vapor that increases result in more intense precipitation events even when the total annual precipitation reduces to some extent, and with predictions for even stronger events when the general precipitation amounts increase. The warmer climate thus increases risks of both drought and floods but at different places and times. For example, the summer of 2002 in Europe brought prevalent floods, however, later in 2003 heat waves and, drought followed which created a historic record. The distribution and programming of floods and droughts is most intensely affected by the sequence of El Nià ±o events, principally in the tropics and over considerable mid-latitudes of Pacific-rim countries (Hardy, 2003). Adaptation to climate change is a reaction

Creative Action Plan XM Satellite Radio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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